DLVO理论　 DLVO theory

HLB法　hydrophile-lipophile balance method

pVT性质　 pVT property

ζ电势　 zeta potential

阿伏加德罗常数　 Avogadro’number

阿伏加德罗定律　 Avogadro law

阿累尼乌斯电离理论　Arrhenius ionization theory

阿累尼乌斯方程　Arrhenius equation

阿累尼乌斯活化能　 Arrhenius activation energy

阿马格定律　 Amagat law

艾林方程　 Erying equation

爱因斯坦光化当量定律　 Einstein’s law of photochemical equivalence

爱因斯坦－斯托克斯方程　 Einstein-Stokes equation

安托万常数　 Antoine constant

安托万方程　 Antoine equation

盎萨格电导理论　Onsager’s theory of conductance

半电池　half cell

半衰期　half time period

饱和液体　 saturated liquids

饱和蒸气　 saturated vapor

饱和吸附量　 saturated extent of adsorption

饱和蒸气压　 saturated vapor pressure

爆炸界限　 explosion limits

比表面功　 specific surface work

比表面吉布斯函数　 specific surface Gibbs function

比浓粘度　 reduced viscosity

标准电动势　 standard electromotive force

标准电极电势　 standard electrode potential

标准摩尔反应焓　 standard molar reaction enthalpy

标准摩尔反应吉布斯函数　 standard Gibbs function of molar reaction

标准摩尔反应熵　 standard molar reaction entropy

标准摩尔焓函数　 standard molar enthalpy function

标准摩尔吉布斯自由能函数　 standard molar Gibbs free energy function

标准摩尔燃烧焓　 standard molar combustion enthalpy

标准摩尔熵　 standard molar entropy

标准摩尔生成焓　 standard molar formation enthalpy

标准摩尔生成吉布斯函数　 standard molar formation Gibbs function

标准平衡常数　 standard equilibrium constant

标准氢电极　 standard hydrogen electrode

标准态　 standard state

标准熵　 standard entropy

标准压力　 standard pressure

标准状况 standard condition

表观活化能　apparent activation energy

表观摩尔质量 apparent molecular weight

表观迁移数　apparent transference number

表面　 surfaces

表面过程控制　 surface process control

表面活性剂　surfactants

表面吸附量　 surface excess

表面张力　 surface tension

表面质量作用定律　 surface mass action law

波义尔定律　 Boyle law

波义尔温度　 Boyle temperature

波义尔点 Boyle point

玻尔兹曼常数　 Boltzmann constant

玻尔兹曼分布　 Boltzmann distribution

玻尔兹曼公式　 Boltzmann formula

玻尔兹曼熵定理　 Boltzmann entropy theorem

玻色－爱因斯坦统计　Bose-Einstein statistics

泊　Poise

不可逆过程　 irreversible process

不可逆过程热力学　thermodynamics of irreversible processes

不可逆相变化　 irreversible phase change

布朗运动　 brownian movement

查理定律 Charle’s law

产率　 yield

敞开系统　　 open system

超电势　 over potential

沉降　 sedimentation

沉降电势　 sedimentation potential

沉降平衡　 sedimentation equilibrium

触变　 thixotropy

粗分散系统　 thick disperse system

催化剂　 catalyst

单分子层吸附理论　 mono molecule layer adsorption

单分子反应　 unimolecular reaction

单链反应　 straight chain reactions

弹式量热计　 bomb calorimeter

道尔顿定律　 Dalton law

道尔顿分压定律　 Dalton partial pressure law

德拜和法尔肯哈根效应　Debye and Falkenhagen effect

德拜立方公式　 Debye cubic formula

德拜－休克尔极限公式　 Debye-Huckel’s limiting equation

等焓过程　 isenthalpic process

等焓线　isenthalpic line

等几率定理　 theorem of equal probability

等温等容位　Helmholtz free energy

等温等压位　Gibbs free energy

等温方程　 equation at constant temperature

低共熔点　 eutectic point

低共熔混合物　 eutectic mixture

低会溶点　 lower consolute point

低熔冰盐合晶　 cryohydric

第二类永动机　 perpetual machine of the second kind

第三定律熵　 third-law entropy

第一类永动机　 perpetual machine of the first kind

缔合化学吸附　 association chemical adsorption

电池常数　 cell constant

电池电动势　 electromotive force of cells

电池反应　 cell reaction

电导　 conductance

电导率　 conductivity

电动势的温度系数　 temperature coefficient of electromotive force

电动电势　 zeta potential

电功　electric work

电化学　 electrochemistry

电化学极化　 electrochemical polarization

电极电势　 electrode potential

电极反应　 reactions on the electrode

电极种类　 type of electrodes

电解池　 electrolytic cell

电量计　 coulometer

电流效率　current efficiency

电迁移　 electro migration

电迁移率　 electromobility

电渗　 electroosmosis

电渗析　 electrodialysis

电泳　 electrophoresis

丁达尔效应　 Dyndall effect

定容摩尔热容　 molar heat capacity under constant volume

定容温度计　 Constant voIume thermometer

定压摩尔热容　 molar heat capacity under constant pressure

定压温度计　 constant pressure thermometer

定域子系统　 localized particle system

动力学方程　kinetic equations

动力学控制　 kinetics control

独立子系统　 independent particle system

对比摩尔体积　 reduced mole volume

对比体积 reduced volume

对比温度　 reduced temperature

对比压力　 reduced pressure

对称数　 symmetry number

对行反应　reversible reactions

对应状态原理　 principle of corresponding state

多方过程　polytropic process

多分子层吸附理论　 adsorption theory of multi-molecular layers

二级反应　second order reaction

二级相变　second order phase change

法拉第常数　 faraday constant

法拉第定律　 Faraday’s law

反电动势　back E.M.F.

反渗透　 reverse osmosis

反应分子数　 molecularity

反应级数　 reaction orders

反应进度　 extent of reaction

反应热　heat of reaction

反应速率　rate of reaction

反应速率常数　 constant of reaction rate

范德华常数　 van der Waals constant

范德华方程　 van der Waals equation

范德华力　 van der Waals force

范德华气体　 van der Waals gases

范特霍夫方程　 van’t Hoff equation

范特霍夫规则　 van’t Hoff rule

范特霍夫渗透压公式　 van’t Hoff equation of osmotic pressure

非基元反应　 non-elementary reactions

非体积功　 non-volume work

非依时计量学反应　 time independent stoichiometric reactions

菲克扩散第一定律　 Fick’s first law of diffusion

沸点　 boiling point

沸点升高　 elevation of boiling point

费米－狄拉克统计　Fermi-Dirac statistics

分布　 distribution

分布数　 distribution numbers

分解电压　 decomposition voltage

分配定律　 distribution law

分散系统　 disperse system

分散相　 dispersion phase

分体积　 partial volume

分体积定律　 partial volume law

分压　 partial pressure

分压定律　 partial pressure law

分子反应力学　 mechanics of molecular reactions

分子间力　 intermolecular force

分子蒸馏　molecular distillation

封闭系统　 closed system

附加压力 excess pressure

弗罗因德利希吸附经验式　 Freundlich empirical formula of adsorption

负极　 negative pole

负吸附　 negative adsorption

复合反应　composite reaction

盖·吕萨克定律　 Gay-Lussac law

盖斯定律　 Hess law

甘汞电极　 calomel electrode

感胶离子序　 lyotropic series

杠杆规则　 lever rule

高分子溶液　 macromolecular solution

高会溶点　 upper consolute point

隔离法　the isolation method

格罗塞斯－德雷珀定律　 Grotthus-Draoer’s law

隔离系统　 isolated system

根均方速率 root-mean-square speed

功　 work

功函　work content

共轭溶液　 conjugate solution

共沸温度　 azeotropic temperature

构型熵　configurational entropy

孤立系统　 isolated system

固溶胶　 solid sol

固态混合物　 solid solution

固相线　 solid phase line

光反应　 photoreaction

光化学第二定律　 the second law of actinochemistry

光化学第一定律　 the first law of actinochemistry

光敏反应　 photosensitized reactions

光谱熵　 spectrum　 entropy

广度性质　 extensive property

广延量　 extensive quantity

广延性质　 extensive property

规定熵　 stipulated entropy

过饱和溶液　 oversaturated solution

过饱和蒸气　 oversaturated vapor

过程　 process

过渡状态理论　 transition state theory

过冷水　 super-cooled water

过冷液体　 overcooled liquid

过热液体　 overheated liquid

亥姆霍兹函数　 Helmholtz function

亥姆霍兹函数判据　 Helmholtz function criterion

亥姆霍兹自由能　 Helmholtz free energy

亥氏函数　 Helmholtz function

焓　 enthalpy

亨利常数　 Henry constant

亨利定律　 Henry law

恒沸混合物　 constant boiling mixture

恒容摩尔热容　 molar heat capacity at constant volume

恒容热 heat at constant volume

恒外压　 constant external pressure

恒压摩尔热容　 molar heat capacity at constant pressure

恒压热 heat at constant pressure

化学动力学　chemical kinetics

化学反应计量式　 stoichiometric equation of chemical reaction

化学反应计量系数　 stoichiometric coefficient of chemical reaction

化学反应进度　 extent of chemical reaction

化学亲合势　 chemical affinity

化学热力学　chemical thermodynamics

化学势　 chemical potential

化学势判据　 chemical potential criterion

化学吸附　 chemisorptions

环境　 environment

环境熵变　 entropy change in environment

挥发度　volatility

混合熵　 entropy of mixing

混合物　 mixture

活度　 activity

活化控制　 activation control

活化络合物理论　 activated complex theory

活化能　activation energy

霍根-华森图　 Hougen-Watson Chart

基态能级　 energy level at ground state

基希霍夫公式　 Kirchhoff formula

基元反应　elementary reactions

积分溶解热　 integration heat of dissolution

吉布斯－杜亥姆方程　 Gibbs-Duhem equation

吉布斯－亥姆霍兹方程　 Gibbs-Helmhotz equation

吉布斯函数　 Gibbs function

吉布斯函数判据　 Gibbs function criterion

吉布斯吸附公式　Gibbs adsorption formula

吉布斯自由能　 Gibbs free energy

吉氏函数　 Gibbs function

极化电极电势　 polarization potential of electrode

极化曲线　 polarization curves

极化作用　 polarization

极限摩尔电导率　 limiting molar conductivity

几率因子　 steric factor

计量式　 stoichiometric equation

计量系数　 stoichiometric coefficient

价数规则　 rule of valence

简并度　 degeneracy

键焓　bond enthalpy

胶冻　 broth jelly

胶核　 colloidal nucleus

胶凝作用　 demulsification

胶束　micelle

胶体　 colloid

胶体分散系统　 dispersion system of colloid

胶体化学　 collochemistry

胶体粒子　 colloidal particles

胶团　 micelle

焦耳　Joule

焦耳-汤姆生实验　 Joule-Thomson experiment

焦耳-汤姆生系数　 Joule-Thomson coefficient

焦耳-汤姆生效应　 Joule-Thomson effect

焦耳定律　 Joule's law

接触电势　contact potential

接触角　 contact angle

节流过程　 throttling process

节流膨胀　 throttling expansion

节流膨胀系数　 coefficient of throttling expansion

结线　 tie line

结晶热　heat of crystallization

解离化学吸附　 dissociation chemical adsorption

界面　 interfaces

界面张力　 surface tension

浸湿　 immersion wetting

浸湿功　 immersion wetting work

精馏　 rectify

聚（合）电解质　polyelectrolyte

聚沉　 coagulation

聚沉值　 coagulation value

绝对反应速率理论　 absolute reaction rate theory

绝对熵　 absolute entropy

绝对温标　absolute temperature scale

绝热过程　 adiabatic process

绝热量热计　adiabatic calorimeter

绝热指数　 adiabatic index

卡诺定理　 Carnot theorem

卡诺循环　 Carnot cycle

开尔文公式　 Kelvin formula

柯诺瓦洛夫－吉布斯定律　 Konovalov-Gibbs law

科尔劳施离子独立运动定律　 Kohlrausch’s Law of Independent Migration of Ions

可能的电解质　potential electrolyte

可逆电池　 reversible cell

可逆过程 reversible process

可逆过程方程　 reversible process equation

可逆体积功　 reversible volume work

可逆相变　 reversible phase change

克拉佩龙方程　 Clapeyron equation

克劳修斯不等式　 Clausius inequality

克劳修斯－克拉佩龙方程　 Clausius-Clapeyron equation

控制步骤　 control step

库仑计　 coulometer

扩散控制　 diffusion controlled

拉普拉斯方程　 Laplace’s equation

拉乌尔定律　 Raoult law

兰格缪尔－欣谢尔伍德机理　 Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism

兰格缪尔吸附等温式　 Langmuir adsorption isotherm formula

雷利公式　 Rayleigh equation

冷冻系数　coefficient of refrigeration

冷却曲线　 cooling curve

离解热　heat of dissociation

离解压力　dissociation pressure

离域子系统　 non-localized particle systems

离子的标准摩尔生成焓　 standard molar formation of ion

离子的电迁移率　 mobility of ions

离子的迁移数 　transport number of ions

离子独立运动定律　 law of the independent migration of ions

离子氛　 ionic atmosphere

离子强度　 ionic strength

理想混合物　 perfect mixture

理想气体　 ideal gas

理想气体的绝热指数　 adiabatic index of ideal gases

理想气体的微观模型　 micro-model of ideal gas

理想气体反应的等温方程　 isothermal equation of ideal gaseous reactions

理想气体绝热可逆过程方程　 adiabatic reversible process equation of ideal gase

s

理想气体状态方程　 state equation of ideal gas

理想稀溶液　 ideal dilute solution

理想液态混合物　 perfect liquid mixture

粒子　 particles

粒子的配分函数　 partition function of particles

连串反应　consecutive reactions

链的传递物　 chain carrier

链反应　 chain reactions

量热熵　 calorimetric entropy

量子统计　quantum statistics

量子效率　 quantum yield

临界参数　 critical parameter

临界常数 critical constant

临界点　 critical point

临界胶束浓度　critical micelle concentration

临界摩尔体积　 critical molar volume

临界温度　 critical temperature

临界压力　 critical pressure

临界状态　 critical state

零级反应　zero order reaction

流动电势　 streaming potential

流动功　 flow work

笼罩效应　 cage effect

路易斯－兰德尔逸度规则　 Lewis-Randall rule of fugacity

露点　 dew point

露点线　 dew point line

麦克斯韦关系式　 Maxwell relations

麦克斯韦速率分布　 Maxwell distribution of speeds

麦克斯韦能量分布 MaxwelIdistribution of energy

毛细管凝结　 condensation in capillary

毛细现象　 capillary　 phenomena

米凯利斯常数　 Michaelis constant

摩尔电导率　 molar conductivity

摩尔反应焓　 molar reaction enthalpy

摩尔混合熵　 mole entropy of mixing

摩尔气体常数　 molar gas constant

摩尔热容　 molar heat capacity

摩尔溶解焓　 mole dissolution enthalpy

摩尔稀释焓　 mole dilution enthalpy

内扩散控制　 internal diffusions control

内能　 internal energy

内压力　 internal pressure

能级　 energy levels

能级分布　 energy level distribution

能量均分原理 principle of the equipartition of energy

能斯特方程　 Nernst equation

能斯特热定理　 Nernst heat theorem

凝固点　 freezing point

凝固点降低　 lowering of freezing point

凝固点曲线　 freezing point curve

凝胶　 gelatin

凝聚态　 condensed state

凝聚相　 condensed phase

浓差超电势　 concentration over-potential

浓差极化　 concentration polarization

浓差电池　 concentration cells

帕斯卡　pascal

泡点　 bubble point

泡点线　 bubble point line

配分函数　 partition function

配分函数的析因子性质　 property that partition function to be expressed as a p

roduct of the separate partition functions for each kind of state

碰撞截面　 collision cross section

碰撞数　 the number of collisions

偏摩尔量　 partial mole quantities

平衡常数（理想气体反应）　 equilibrium constants for reactions of ideal gases

平动配分函数　 partition function of translation

平衡分布　 equilibrium distribution

平衡态　 equilibrium state

平衡态近似法　 equilibrium state approximation

平衡状态图　 equilibrium state diagram

平均活度　 mean activity

平均活度系统　 mean activity coefficient

平均摩尔热容　 mean molar heat capacity

平均质量摩尔浓度 mean mass molarity

平均自由程　mean free path

平行反应　parallel reactions

破乳　 demulsification

铺展　 spreading

普遍化范德华方程　 universal van der Waals equation

其它功　 the other work

气化热　heat of vaporization

气溶胶　 aerosol

气体常数　 gas constant

气体分子运动论　 kinetic theory of gases

气体分子运动论的基本方程 foundamental equation of kinetic theory of gases

气溶胶　 aerosol

气相线　 vapor line

迁移数　 transport number

潜热　latent heat

强度量　 intensive quantity

强度性质　 intensive property

亲液溶胶　 hydrophilic sol

氢电极　 hydrogen electrodes

区域熔化　zone melting

热　 heat

热爆炸　 heat explosion

热泵　 heat pump

热功当量　mechanical equivalent of heat

热函　heat content

热化学　thermochemistry

热化学方程　thermochemical equation

热机　 heat engine

热机效率　 efficiency of heat engine

热力学　 thermodynamics

热力学第二定律　 the second law of thermodynamics

热力学第三定律　 the third law of thermodynamics

热力学第一定律　 the first law of thermodynamics

热力学基本方程　 fundamental equation of thermodynamics

热力学几率　 thermodynamic probability

热力学能　 thermodynamic energy

热力学特性函数　characteristic thermodynamic function

热力学温标　thermodynamic scale of temperature

热力学温度　thermodynamic temperature

热熵　thermal entropy

热效应　heat effect

熔点曲线　 melting point curve

熔化热　heat of fusion

溶胶　 colloidal sol

溶解焓　 dissolution enthalpy

溶液　 solution

溶胀　 swelling

乳化剂　 emulsifier

乳状液　 emulsion

润湿　 wetting

润湿角　 wetting angle

萨克尔－泰特洛德方程　 Sackur-Tetrode equation

三相点　 triple point

三相平衡线　 triple-phase line

熵　 entropy

熵判据　 entropy criterion

熵增原理　 principle of entropy increase

渗透压　 osmotic pressure

渗析法　 dialytic process

生成反应　 formation reaction

升华热　heat of sublimation

实际气体 real gas

舒尔采－哈迪规则　 Schulze-Hardy rule

松驰力　relaxation force

松驰时间　time of relaxation

速度常数　reaction rate constant

速率方程　rate equations

速率控制步骤　rate determining step

塔费尔公式　 Tafel equation

态－态反应　 state-state reactions

唐南平衡　 Donnan equilibrium

淌度　 mobility

特鲁顿规则　 Trouton rule

特性粘度　 intrinsic viscosity

体积功　 volume work

统计权重　 statistical weight

统计热力学　 statistic thermodynamics

统计熵　 statistic entropy

途径　 path

途径函数　 path function

外扩散控制　 external diffusion control

完美晶体　 perfect crystalline

完全气体 perfect gas

微观状态　 microstate

微态　 microstate

韦斯顿标准电池　 Weston standard battery

维恩效应　Wien effect

维里方程　 virial equation

维里系数　 virial coefficient

稳流过程　 steady flow process

稳态近似法　 stationary state approximation

无热溶液　athermal solution

无限稀溶液　 solutions in the limit of extreme dilution

物理化学　 Physical Chemistry

物理吸附　 physisorptions

吸附　 adsorption

吸附等量线　 adsorption isostere

吸附等温线　 adsorption isotherm

吸附等压线　 adsorption isobar

吸附剂　 adsorbent

吸附量　 extent of adsorption

吸附热　 heat of adsorption

吸附质　 adsorbate

析出电势　 evolution or deposition potential

析因子性质　 property that partition function to be expressed as a product of

the separate partition functions for each kind of state

稀溶液的依数性　 colligative properties of dilute solutions

稀释焓　 dilution enthalpy

系统　 system

系统点　 system point

系统的环境　 environment of system

相　 phase

相变　 phase change

相变焓　 enthalpy of phase change

相变化　 phase change

相变热　 heat of phase change

相点　 phase point

相对挥发度　relative volatility

相对粘度 relative viscosity

相律　 phase rule

相平衡热容　heat capacity in phase equilibrium

相图　 phase diagram

相倚子系统　 system of dependent particles

悬浮液　 suspension

循环过程　 cyclic process

压力商　 pressure quotient

压缩因子　 compressibility factor

压缩因子图　 diagram of compressibility factor

亚稳状态　 metastable state

盐桥　 salt bridge

盐析　 salting out

阳极　 anode

杨氏方程　 Young’s equation

液体接界电势　 liquid junction potential

液相线　 liquid phase lines

一级反应　first order reaction

一级相变　first order phase change

依时计量学反应　 time dependent stoichiometric reactions

逸度　 fugacity

逸度系数　 coefficient of fugacity

阴极　 cathode

荧光　 fluorescence

永动机　 perpetual motion machine

永久气体　 Permanent gas

有效能　 available energy

原电池　 primary cell

原盐效应　 salt effect

增比粘度　 specific viscosity

憎液溶胶　 lyophobic sol

沾湿　 adhesional wetting

沾湿功　 the work of adhesional wetting

真溶液　 true solution

真实电解质　real electrolyte

真实气体 real gas

真实迁移数　true transference number

振动配分函数　 partition function of vibration

振动特征温度　 characteristic temperature of vibration

蒸气压下降　 depression of vapor pressure

正常沸点　 normal point

正吸附　 positive adsorption

支链反应　 branched chain reactions

直链反应　 straight chain reactions

指前因子　 pre-exponential factor

质量作用定律　mass action law

制冷系数　coefficient of refrigeration

中和热　heat of neutralization

轴功　 shaft work

转动配分函数　 partition function of rotation

转动特征温度　 characteristic temperature of vibration

转化率　 convert ratio

转化温度　conversion temperature

状态　 state

状态方程　 state equation

状态分布　 state distribution

状态函数　 state function

准静态过程　quasi-static process

准一级反应　 pseudo first order reaction

自动催化作用　 auto-catalysis

自由度　 degree of freedom

自由度数　 number of degree of freedom

自由焓　free enthalpy

自由能　free energy

自由膨胀　free expansion

组分数　 component number

最低恒沸点　 lower azeotropic point

最高恒沸点　 upper azeotropic point

最佳反应温度　 optimal reaction temperature

最可几分布　 most probable distribution

最可几速率 most propable speed

题目：Solving Constrained Total-Variation Image Restoration and
Reconstruction Problems via Alternating Direction Methods
报告人：Prof. Michael Ng
Department of Mathematics, Hong Kong Baptist University
时间：8月27日，14:30-15:30
地点：南京大学蒙民伟楼404

摘要：In this paper, we study alternating direction methods for solving
constrained total-variation image restoration and reconstruction problems.
Alternating direction methods can be implementable variants of the classical
augmented Lagrangian method for optimization problems with separable
structures and linear constraints. The proposed framework allows us to solve
problems of image restoration, impulse noise removal, inpainting and image
cartoon+texture decomposition. As the constrained model is employed, we
cartoon+only need to input the noise level and the estimation of the
regularization parameter is not required in these imaging problems.
Experimental results for such imaging problems are presented to illustrate
the effectiveness of the proposed method. We show that the alternating
direction method is very efficient for solving image restoration and
reconstruction problems.

简介：Michael Ng is a Professor in the Department of Mathematics at the Hong
Kong Baptist University. He obtained his B.Sc. degree in 1990 and M.Phil.
degree in 1992 at the University of Hong Kong, and Ph.D. degree in 1995 at
Chinese University of Hong Kong. Michael is the Programme Director of the
MSc Programme on Operational Research and Business Statistics and Director
of the Centre for Mathematical Imaging and Vision (CMIV), Executive Director
of the Institute for Computational Mathematics (ICM) at Hong Kong Baptist
University. He is also the Engineering Panel Member of the Hong Kong
Research Grants Council starting from 2009. Michael has published and edited
5 books, published more than 200 journal papers. He currently serves on the
editorial boards of several international journals.

摘要：Sparse Learning has attracted much attention in recent years. There are two classes of methods: convex relaxation such as L1 regularization and greedy algorithms. Although the former has received more attention in the machine learning community, my opinion is that the latter approach is more flexible and powerful. This talk will discuss variations of greedy algorithms in the context of sparse recovery.

简介: Tong Zhang received a B.A. in mathematics and computer science from Cornell University in 1994 and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Stanford University in 1998. After graduation, he worked at IBM T.J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York, and Yahoo Research in New York city. He is currently a statistics professor at Rutgers University. His research interests include machine learning, algorithms for statistical computation, their mathematical analysis and applications.

作者：黄合来

【核心提示】本文提出科研思维和论文写作的五大原则，包括评判性（critical）、一致性（consistent）、简洁性（concise）、清晰性（clear）和完整性（complete），以期为年轻学者和在读博士生的科研思维训练和规范提供参考。

【前言】

科学研究可以笼统的用胡适先生提出的“大胆假设，小心求证”进行概括，是一个开拓求新与严谨求实的有机结合。求新是一个基于对客观现象或问题的深入思考和探究，挣破旧有理论束缚，大胆创新，对未解决的问题提出新的假设或解决的可能。而求实是一个尊重证据，对新的方法或理论严谨求证的过程。科学的进步离不开两者的相辅相成，“求新”和“求实”两大准则应该贯穿整个科研实践过程。

然而，求新和求实两大准则往往由于其抽象性很难得到严格界定。实际科研工作过程往往要求遵循一些实用性更强的原则。良好的科研思维对于一个科研工作者极为重要，而科研思维的形成需要一个基于一系列具体原则的较为长期的训练。本文提出一个科研思维与论文写作的“5C”原则，力求具体，力求实用，以期为年轻学者和在读博士生的科研思维训练和规范提供参考。

【原则一】 Critical （评判性）

培养评判性思维能力（critical thinking）是西方高等教育体系的一个关键目标，也是我国目前争论最为广泛的教育和科研改革的重要内容。美国哲学学会对评判性思维的定义为， “Critical thinking is defined as purposeful, self-regulatory judgment, an interactive, reflective reasoning process of making a judgment about what to believe or do”（评判性思维是有目的的，自我调节的判断过程，是个体对相信什么或做什么作出判断的互动的反映性的推理过程）。笔者认为，针对科学技术发展的评判性思维是科研能力的核心价值，评判性思维的培训是年轻学者培养如博士生教育的关键任务。

科研方法有三种：新方法解决老问题，老方法解决新问题，新方法解决新问题。毫无疑问，科研需要“新”，即创新性。那么创新性应该来源于哪里呢？创新不是凭空臆想（主观主义），也不是灵光一现（机会主义），创新来源于对已有知识产生的背景、过程、证据、方法、理论、以及评价知识的标准等正确与否作出评判性的思考和推理。此外，由于资源有限性，单纯的求新不应是唯一的科研导向，有价值的科学意义上的创新研究工作应该拥有充分而合理的评判性的证据支撑。简言之，科研不应为“创新”而创新，而应为“实践”而创新。而这两方面反映到具体的科研能力上，其核心就是一种评判性的思维和实践。

具体来讲，对于运用“新方法解决老问题”，需要评判为什么老问题需要新方法？老方法为什么不能有效解决老问题？而更重要的是为什么该新方法可能具有解决该老问题的潜力？对与运用“老方法解决新问题”，需要评判为什么新问题需要解决？为什么老方法可以解决新问题？最后是对于运用“新方法解决新问题”，同样要评判为什么新问题值得研究？为什么老方法不能解决该新问题？当然，为什么提出的新方法有潜力解决该新问题？对这些问题的回答应该是科研设计和论文写作的必要切入点。

由于科研思维过程和论文写作思路具有内在的一致性，可以更为具体的把评判性思维反映到以基本论文结构为脉络的各个部分当中。

1）研究背景   研究领域大的背景的重要性，比如对社会、经济、环境、健康等方面的效应。

2）研究问题   对确立的研究问题的评判性的检测，即该研究问题对探究大的研究背景领域的积极意义和潜在的具体贡献。

3）文献综述   “文献综述”不是“综述文献”，而是“评判文献”。在科学论文中，对已有文献的方法和结论的回顾应该具有充分的评判性，在科研设计和论文撰写的时候，必须充分评判已有文献对该研究问题的解决程度、价值和意义，更重要的是基于此评判，为本研究的实施、方法的选取等进行合理辩护。

4）研究假定和研究目的   提出研究假定和研究目的的时候必须进行合理性、适度性和可行性的综合评判和辩护。

5）研究方法   提出的研究方法，不论是新方法或老方法，都必须充分评判该方法达到研究目的和解决研究问题的特质和潜力。

6）研究结果和结论   对取得的研究结果需要进行深入讨论和观察，以现存文献为基础，对研究结果的一致性和异常性等进行充分的评判，并获得具有充分证据支撑的结论。

【原则二】 Consistent （一致性）

牛顿说“如果我看得比别人更远些，那是因为我站在巨人的肩膀上”。这句名言可以从一致性的方面进行理解：伟大科研成果的取得离不开广大的科研同行多年的尝试和努力，换言之，创新具有广义一致性。实际上，广义的评判性思维可以看作一致性和批判性的有机结合，也就是继承和批判。但是，一致性由于其对严谨科研思维的培训极为重要而具有特殊地位。一致性是一个科研人员必须具备的基本素质。

具体来讲，一致性主要反映到科研设计和论文写作两个方面。

1）科研设计    前面提到的三种科研设计方法前两种都涉及到一个“老”：老问题，老方法。而在第三类“新方法解决新问题”，其中新方法和新问题的“新”也都不可避免属于相对意义的“新”。新的问题和方法往往来源于老问题或老方法的演变和发展，如同大自然的新陈更替，对新问题的解决和新方法的探究离不开对老问题和老方法的理解和评判。原理的一致性是科研设计的重要切入点，包括研究策略、实验设计、分析方法、变量定义等等，创新的获得来源于继承和批判，但都必须具有充分的与前人研究的广义一致性。

2）论文写作    科研论文的撰写是发布科研成果的一个最重要的手段。前面着重讲到评判性在论文各组成部分的体现，这里要更为具体的强调一致性的在论文写作中重要地位。西方科研体系对科学论文有极为严格的规范，其中一致性是一个最重要的方面。从大的方面讲，科研容许学派，但是对于同一科研人员来说，对研究问题的基本立场和观点，必须具备先后不同论文的一致性和同一论文的前后一致性。从具体论文元素来讲，一致性反映在文体、格式、专业词汇使用、缩略词以及文献列表等。不要忽视任何文章中出现的不一致的成份。很多专家在审稿的时候第一就是看文章格式和文献，比如是否第一次定义缩略词，之后一致使用？是否具有一致字体、空行、子标题？文献列表格式是否一致？所有这些都反映到审稿专家对该论文作者的科研能力的第一印象。

评判性思维的贫乏和对一致性原则的忽视是当今我国科学研究走向国际化的一个重要的瓶颈所在，青年科学研究者应该积极锻炼自己的评判性思维，同时时刻用最严格的一致性要求规范自己的科研实践和论文写作，这是取得重大科研成果的前提。

【原则三】 Concise （简洁性）

科研是创造科学知识的过程。简洁性对于知识的传播极为重要。更为重要的是，简洁的思维有利于取得好的科研成果。对比西方语言文化，我国文字和文学的简洁性更优。在这方面，笔者更加偏爱中文期刊论文对简洁性的要求，当然，需要注意的是，在具备简洁性的同时更要强调对所陈述的科研成果的论证的充分性。

形象言之，简洁性原则的最高境界是“多一分则多，少一分则少”。具体针对科研实践，简洁性原则反映的是一种内在的科研思维简洁性和外在的论文板书简洁性。内在地，在确立了研究目标之后，所有的研究策略、方法、步骤都应该无一例外的为检验研究假定或达到研究目的而服务，任何其它的多余步骤都应该排除。只有目的明确，才不会被其它非当前研究内容所干扰。当然，在研究过程中对一些异常现象应该积极思考和观察，从而引导出可能的新的研究目标。

外在地，对论文写作来讲，简洁性原则要求所有论文元素均服务于论文结论的获得。科研论文不是用来展示知道的老知识，而是用来发布获得的新知识。在这方面很多学者容易犯错误，往往希望在论文中展示自己的知识量，而忽视了这些内容对论证研究结论的作用。举例来讲，很多论文文献综述部分的撰写往往变成了一个简单陈列，一个文献一小段，缺乏自己的观点和评价。而实际上，前面讲到“评判文献”，同时，文献的写作也应该“创新性”的高度概括，只有那些对本研究相关的前系研究才应该进行合理评判，其它不相关甚至包括不直接相关的内容和评判都应该排除在论文之外。另外，科研论文是写给同行看的，不是科普文献，因此应该排除一些学科常识性的文字和评论。同时，从功利角度上来讲，文章越长，可以被批判的内容就越多。

最后要强调的是，中华文字的简洁性是我们的一个重要历史遗产，我们的学界不应该在科研国际化的过程中盲目追求和简单仿效英文式的长篇大论。

【原则四】 Clear （清晰性）

科研论文不是小说、不是散文、不是迷语，要求具有足够的清晰性。清晰的论文能让读者更容易理解和接受所发布的研究成果。不要让别人有机会猜测或寻找研究的任何元素，包括研究背景、目标、方法、结果、结论等。把各个元素都放在它们最应该存在的地方。

运用规范的子标题和清晰的逻辑语言标识论文各个部件；段落之间保持良好清晰的连接层次性，主次分明；每一个段落表达一个观点或一个小主题，中心句居首或居尾；运用清晰简单的文字组成句子表达各种观点，在使用英文丛句的时候注意强调部分居于前，等等。这样写出来的论文最后看上去就会像一小截一小截短小精悍却又联系紧密的小树枝组成，而这些小树干又在更高层面逻辑严密地组成大的树干。

【原则五】 Complete （完整性）

完整性原则是论文写作的一个基本原则，无论文章长短，都必须具备完整性，“麻雀虽小，五脏俱全”。任何学术论文都应该独立成篇，决不容许“且听下回分解”。那么到底哪些元素是一篇完整论文所应该具备的呢？跟简洁性原则共轭，完整性原则要求论文包含充分论证研究目标所需要的必要证据。换言之，任何一篇论文都必须完成对提前设定的研究目标的实现。在这个逻辑之下，合理确立论文的研究目标和范围就变得十分重要。在所有论文都充分完成了所设定的或低或高、或新或旧的研究目标的前提下，不同档次期刊的审稿标准就可以简单地测定不同论文的目标及实现该目标所获得的结果的创新性、广度和深度。

具体运用完整性的时候，有三个容易引起歧义的情况。

1）假定最初研究目标为A, 但是在实现A的过程中，发现A不可行，却意外的发现了B。在这种情况，论文撰写应该围绕B来进行，对于A目标的辩护和相关文献最多只能作为研究背景来陈述，而对B的实现应该遵循完整性原则。

2）论文的局限性（Limitation）和未来研究建议（Future research）。任何研究都是基于某些假定，不可避免的在实验条件、分析工具、现存理论等限制下具有一定的局限性，所以对于局限性的认识和对未来研究的建议成为了很多论文很有价值的部分。但要注意的是，这两个部分和完整性原则不冲突。局限性是设定的研究目标和范围对于探索研究问题的局限性，而非完成研究目标的研究过程的局限性。虽然论文完成了研究目标，局限性表明该目标的完成对认识研究问题的不充分性，以此需要在未来研究中设立其它补充性的研究目标以充分认识研究问题。

3）联合论文形式。这种论文形式表现在针对一个研究的几个创新部分分别撰写2篇或以上的论文发表在同一个期刊上，并使用相同的大标题和不同的子标题。这类情况往往出现在“新方法解决新问题”的情况下，对于研究方法和研究成果都有显著的创新，所以在2篇文章里分别强调方法和结果。这类文章虽然比较少见，但是同样也必须遵循完整性原则，其中任何一篇论文都应该独立成篇，应该充分完成对研究目标的实现。所以该情况下，研究目标就必须合理的设定，比如对于方法创新论文应该以创新方法为目标，而对问题创新论文应该以探索新问题结果为目标。

【结语】

以上的5C法则基本概括了科研思维和论文写作的重要原则，对于年轻学者尤其是博士生来讲，可以用这个5个原则来不断衡量自己从课题选定、实验设计、结果分析、论文撰写等所有科研活动，假以时日，并可以渐渐形成好的科研习惯，从而获得比较成熟的科研思维，创造出突出的科研成果。

最后在科研精神方面，再打包附送两个C，加量不加价。 第一个是Candid, 那就是科研诚信，紧紧联系着一个学者的学术声誉，不抄袭、不造假、尊重事实、尊重证据，是一个合格科研人员的基本素养。第二个就是Crazy,，伟大的科研不是喝白开水，征服科学，需要激情，需要热爱，需要全身心投入。

本文引用地址： http://www.sciencenet.cn/m/user_content.aspx?id=335259

报告一：

题目：Using Computers to Find Out the Truth

报告人：Professor Boi Faltings

ECCAI Fellow, Director of AI Lab

Faculty of Information and Communication Sciences

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland

时间：5月18日 13:30-14:30

地点：蒙民伟楼404会议室

摘要：One of the major problems for decision makers today is that they are far removed from the details that are often crucial for the success of their plans. On the other hand, the people who know these details are often not likely to report them truthfully, as it is not in their best interest to do so. The anonymity afforded by computing systems can help in this situation. I present several approaches to eliciting truthful information, in particular scoring rules, peer prediction methods and opinion polls.

简介：Boi Faltings is a full professor of computer science and director of the AI lab. His main research contributions are in the area of qualitative and case-based reasoning, constraint programming, distributed problem-solving, and recommender systems. He has co-founded 6 companies in e-commerce and computer security and acted as advisor to several other companies world-wide. Prof. Faltings has published over 300 refereed papers and graduated over 25 Ph.D. students, several of which have won national and international awards. Boi Faltings is a fellow of the European Coordinating Committee for Artificial Intelligence. He has served as head of the computer science department from 1996-1998 and as head of the Institute of Core Computing Sciences from 2005-2008. He serves or served as associate editor of several journals, in particular the AI Journal (2000-2008), JAIR (2004-2007), Annals of AI and Mathematics (2008-today), and as member of editorial boards (AI Communications, AI Magazine, Constraints, and others). He also regularly serves in conference committees (IJCAI, AAAI, ECAI, and others) and have been program (co-)chair of several workshops and conferences. He holds a Diploma from ETH Zurich and a Ph.D. from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

报告二：

题目：User Experience and Technology Acceptance Issues in Recommender Systems

报告人：Dr. Pearl PU

Director of Human Computer Interaction Group

Faculty of Information and Communication Sciences

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland

时间：5月18日 14:40-15:40

地点：蒙民伟楼404会议室

摘要：As online stores offer practically an infinite shelf space, recommender systems are playing an increasingly important role in helping users *search* and *discover* items that they may want to buy. In this talk, I first start with a brief survey of the rating based social recommender systems and their applications in online industry. I will then spend some time discussing some of the unsolved issues, especially concerning user adoption problems such as the cold start phenomena, users’ acceptance of recommendations, and personalization. The main part of the talk focuses on the technology behind critiquing based recommender (CBR) systems. Even though they may not address all of the user issues, CBR systems offer some effective solutions. They do not require users to leave traces of their interests via behavioral patterns. Instead, they encourage users to express them via the interface. Moreover, since users are completely involved in the preference elicitation process in such systems, users feel more in control of the recommendation process, and as a consequence they are more convinced of the products recommended to them. I will finish the talk by explaining the baggage carousel phenomenon and show you how critiquing based recommender systems enable users find personalized items without expending extra interaction effort. Through the analysis of some of our empirical studies, I hope to reveal to you some insights on the effective design of recommender systems for scalable user adoption.

简介：Dr. Pearl Pu is the director of the Human Computer Interaction Group in the School of Computer and Communication Sciences at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne. Her research interests include decision support, electronic commerce, online consumer decision behavior, product recommender systems, travel planning tools, trust-inspiring interfaces for recommender agent, music recommenders, scalable user experience, and social navigation. She has been recently elected as the general chair for the ACM international conference on Recommender Systems (Recsys 2008) and ACM international conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI 2011), and program co-chair of the ACM international conference in Electronic Commerce (EC 2009) and Adaptive Hypermedia and Adaptive Web-Based Systems (AH 2008).She is an associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Multimedia. She obtained her Master and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Pennsylvania in artificial intelligence and computer graphics. She was a visiting scholar at Stanford University in 2001, both in the database and HCI groups.

题目：Transcriptome analysis for identifying stress-inducible microRNAs

报告人：Weixiong Zhang

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Department of Genetics

Washington University in St. Louis

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~zhang

时间：5月10日15:30-16:30

地点：蒙民伟楼404室

摘要：MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ~21nt non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Plant miRNAs regulate many genes that are involved in development and stress response. Although a large number of miRNAs have been identified and studied, most of them remain to be functionally annotated. Experimental functional analysis is laborious and costly. It is, therefore, desirable to develop computational approaches to support and complement experimental approaches for miRNA functional analysis. In this talk I will describe a novel, machine learning/datamining approach for identifying microRNA genes in plants that are responsive to environmental stresses. Our overall approach consists of a new computational method for identifying cis-regulatory DNA sequences (motifs) from the promoters of mRNA genes, a method for predicting core promoters of miRNA genes, a new transcriptome-based gene expression modeling method, and experimental verification of mature miRNAs and miRNA precursors. We applied our approach to study cold-responsive microRNA genes in Arabidospsis thaliana. We predicted nineteen individual microRNAs in twelve miRNA families to be up-regulated in Arabidopsis seedlings under cold stress. Our experimental validation showed that among the twelve microRNA families, eight were differentially induced by cold and three were constantly expressed under cold stimulus. A promoter analysis also showed that these cold-inducible microRNA genes contain many known stress-related cis-regulatory elements in their promoters. I will also discuss putative transcriptional down-regulation pathways triggered by the induction of these microRNA genes. Particularly, our result indicated that auxin signaling pathways in Arabidopsis seedlings may be mediated by many microRNAs.

简介：Weixiong Zhang is a professor of Computer Science and of Genetics at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA. He received his B.S. and M.S. in computer engineering from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, and his M.S. and Ph.D. in computer science from University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). Professor Zhang’s research interests include computational systems biology and genomics, artificial intelligence, data mining, and combinatorial optimization. He has published more than 100 papers in these areas and is the author of a research monograph, State-Space Search: Algorithms, Complexity, Extensions and Applications, published by Springer in 1999. He is currently associate editors of PLoS Computational Biology, J. Alzheimer’s Disease, Artificial Intelligence, and AI Communications – The European Journal on Artificial Intelligence.

IEEE CS Nanjing Chapter 5月4日16：00~17：00在南京大学蒙民伟楼404举行学术报告会，信息如下。欢迎参加！

Bayesian Ying-Yang System, Best Harmony Learning, and Five Action Circling

LEI XU

Proposed in 1995 and systematically developed over fifteen years, Bayesian Ying-Yang (BYY)  learning is a statistical approach for an intelligent system via two complementary Bayesian representations of a joint distribution on the external observation X and its inner representation R, called BYY system. A Ying-Yang best harmony principle is proposed for learning all the unknowns in the system, in help of an implementation featured by a five action circling.  BYY learning provides not only a general framework that accommodates typical learning approaches from a unified perspective but also a new road that leads to improved model selection criteria, automatic model selection during learning, and coordinated implementation of Ying based model selection and Yang based learning regularization. This talk introduces BYY learning principles, implementing techniques, and typical learning algorithms, in a comparison with other algorithms, particularly with the EM algorithm as a benchmark. These algorithms are summarized in a unified Ying-Yang alternation procedure with major parts in a same expression while differences simply characterized by few options.

Lei Xu, chair professor of Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Chang Jiang Chair Professor of Peking Univ, IEEE Fellow (2001-) and Fellow of International Association for Pattern Recognition (2002-), and Academician of European Academy of Sciences (2002-).  He completed his Ph.D thesis at Tsinghua Univ by the end of 1986, then joined Dept. Math, Peking Univ in 1987 first as a postdoc and then exceptionally promoted to associate professor in 1988 and to a full professor in 1992. During 1989-93 he worked at several universities in Finland, Canada and USA, including Harvard and MIT. He joined CUHK in 1993 as senior lecturer, as  professor in 1996 and chair professor in 2002. He has published a number of well-cited papers on neural networks, statistical learning, and pattern recognition, e.g., his papers got over 3200 citations according to SCI and over 5500 citations according to Google Scholar (GS), with the first 10 papers scored over 2000 (SCI) and 3600 (GS). One single paper has scored 750 (SCI) and 1211 (GS). He served as associate editor for several journals, past governor of international neural network society (INNS), a past president of APNNA, and a member of Fellow committee of IEEE CI Society. Also, he has received several national and international academic awards  (e.g., 1993 National Nature Science Award, 1995 INNS Leadership Award and 2006 APNNA Outstanding Achievement Award).

电气电子工程师协会（IEEE）中文网站http://cn.ieee.org今天正式发布！

1984年IEEE在中国成立了首个分会-北京分会-并拥有100名会员。今天，IEEE在中国已经有超过5000名会员，7个分会，3个支分会，1个联合会和1个代表处，在中国的影响力不断扩大，并成为中国工程师和全球科技团体沟通和交流的纽带和桥梁。

IEEE中文网站的成立标志着IEEE为中国会员的服务提升至一个新的台阶。在这里，我们将为您提供IEEE的最新咨询，会议信息，中国境内活动，会员专享服务等等。我们会继续努力，也坚信我们的会员，为了人类美好明天而不断创新。

感谢加入我们一起庆祝IEEE中文网站的成立！欲知更多网站内容，敬请访问http://cn.ieee.org。

此致

IEEE中国代表处

2010年3月22日

Dear IEEE Members:

IEEE Chinese Website http://cn.ieee.org Announcement today!

IEEE formed its first Chinese Section-Beijing Section-in 1984 with barely 100 members. Today, IEEE has more than 5,000 members, seven sections, three sub-sections, one council and one representative office. IEEE has expanded its efforts to establish links between China’s engineers and the global technical community.

The Establishment of IEEE Chinese website indicates IEEE membership services for the Chinese to upgrade to a new level. Here we are providing IEEE news, conference information, activities in China and China’s exclusive membership services. As we move forward, we are confident that our members will continue to innovate in the service of mankind.

Thank you for joining with us to celebrate Chinese website announcement! For more information, please visit http://cn.ieee.org .

Sincerely,

IEEE China office

March 22, 2010